This is the author's original manuscript of an article published in Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management (2016), vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 284-292 (Wiley-Blackwell Publishing)
Bing Baltazar C. Brillo
UP Scientist and Associate Professor
Institute for Governance and Rural Development,
College of Public Affairs and Development
University of the Philippines Los Ban͂os
email address: bbbrillo@yahoo.com / bcbrillo@up.edu.ph
Abstract
This study looks into the development of a small lake in the Philippines, particularly the unconventional evolution of the ecotourism enterprise in Pandin Lake and the accompanying issues. The article contends that the ecotourism development in Pandin Lake is mainly as an endogenous initiative, and that the intervention of the administrative agencies is critical in addressing the contemporary issues. It proceeds to discuss the following: firstly, reasons for studying small lakes in the Philippines; secondly, Pandin Lake and its administration; thirdly, the ecotourism enterprise evolution and issues in the small lake; and lastly, the conclusion. Moreover, the study also addresses the extant gap in Philippine lake literature, specifically the scarcity of scholarly works on development-oriented studies (as the field is dominated by limnology and aquaculture studies) and on small lakes (as the field is heavily concentrated on big-lake studies).
Keywords
Ecotourism, Development, Lake, Pandin Lake, Philippines, San Pablo City, Small Lake
Introduction
Developing small lakes in the Philippines is important since the water resources are all over the country and many are surrounded by poor communities. In the context of development defined as progress or growth that is shared and sustainable (Global Monitoring Report 2015), small lake development in essence is about— improving the conditions of the local people (making development inclusive) and ensuring the conservation of the natural resource (making development sustainable). Under this backdrop, small lakes in the country have been utilised primarily for aquaculture. In the last three decades, tilapia fish cage farming has become so extensive that it had become an integral feature of many small lakes in the country. Aquaculture had helped many small lake communities over the years by providing livelihood and other work opportunities. However, these benefits have often offset by the detrimental effects to the inland water resource of the over expansion of aquaculture. Contrastingly, the growth of aquaculture in the country has been limited by the cost of business (e.g., increasing price of commercial feeds), natural calamities (e.g., typhoons and fishkills), and law, particularly the Philippine Fisheries Code or Republic Act [RA] 8550 which imposes the 10-percent-area-limit rule for aquastructures.
With these limitations and inherent problem associated with the aquaculture-based development, recently, ecotourism had become a serious alternative for developing small lakes. Ecotourism-oriented development offers more potential for work opportunities, growth and expansion and multiplier effect, and least harmful effect to the water resource. The tourism-oriented development strategy has been duly recognised by the Philippine Government with the enactment of the Tourism Act or RA 9593 in 2009. Among the many small lakes in the country, the ecotourism development in Pandin Lake is contemporarily often mentioned in conventional and social media. In particular, Pandin Lake’s ecotourism enterprise has been featured and recommended in newspapers and many internet blogs. Despite this, Pandin Lake and its ecotourism development is largely unknown in scholarly literature. So far, the few significant scholarly works found on Pandin Lake are water quality assessment and aquaculture studies (e.g., Laguna Lake Development Authority [LLDA] 2005, LLDA 2008, Zafaralla 2010) and the two unpublished (student) reports (see Abao E. et al. 2010 and Atiqah B. J. et al. 2012). This paucity of studies is consistent with the established lacuna in Philippine lake literature; specifically, the scarcity of small lake studies despite their abundance in the country, as the overwhelming majority are studies on major lakes (Brillo 2015a; see also Guerrero 2001, Guerrero 2005), and the dearth of development-oriented studies (as the overwhelming majority are limnological and aquaculture studies) (see Brillo 2015b, Brillo 2015c, Brillo 2016a, Brillo 2016b, Brillo 2016c). Evidently, these suggest the need for a formal study on the ecotourism development in Pandin Lake to supplement the lack of information on the small lake and to ameliorate the literature deficit. Thus, this article explores the ecotourism development in Pandin Lake. Specifically, it looks into the unconventional evolution of the ecotourism enterprise in Pandin Lake and the accompanying issues. On the whole, the study contends that the ecotourism development in Pandin Lake is largely as an endogenous endeavour, and that the intercession of the administrative agencies is crucial in addressing the contemporary issues. As a caveat, a small lake in the study is defined as inland body of water that is permanent in nature (not intermittent) with a surface area of at least one hectare but not more than 200 hectares (see Brillo 2015a). Moreover, the concept of ecotourism development is loosely defined in the study as a tourism-oriented undertaking in the small lake designed to improve the lives of the locals while conscious of the conservation of the inland water resource.
Reasons for Studying Small Lakes in the Philippines
The situation of many lakes in the country remains ecologically threatened. The First National Congress on Philippine Lakes held in 2003 and the Second National Congress on Philippine Lakes held in 2011 acknowledged that many lakes in the country, despite incremental improvements, remain at risk of environmental degradation (Cuvin-Aralan et al. 2005, LakeCon2011 2011). Under this forewarning, lake studies in the Philippines have slowly been growing over the years. However, the scholarly works are mostly on limnology and aquaculture studies and major lake studies; specifically, Laguna de Bay (93,000 ha), Taal Lake (23, 420 ha), Naujan Lake (8,125 ha), Lanao Lake (34,000 ha), Mainit Lake (17,340 ha), Buluan Lake (6,134 ha), Buhi Lake (1,707 ha) and Bato Lake (2,810 ha) (e.g., Pantastico and Baldia 1981, Petersen and Carlos 1984, Santiago 1988, Manalili and Guerrero 1995, Fellizar 1995, Platon 2001, Guerrero 2001, Araullo 2001, Mercene-Mutia 2001, Zafaralla 2001, Siringan and Jaraula 2005, Roa et al. 2005, Guerrero 2005).
A recent survey of lake studies in the Philippines revealed that: (1) 77 percent of the scholarly works are classified under the natural sciences and only 23 percent under the social sciences; and (2) 80 percent of the scholarly materials are studies on big lakes and only 8.7 percent on small lakes (Brillo 2015a). This trend shows that the existing literature on Philippine lakes is deficient on social science studies, like development-oriented studies, and small lake studies. Development-oriented studies and small lake studies must progress to ameliorate the literature imbalance. Development-oriented research complement limnology and aquaculture studies since development issues are intertwined with them and cannot be addressed separately. Small lakes research must simultaneously advance with big lake studies to expand the knowledge base on Philippine lakes and have a better picture of their condition. Parallel progress among them would mean better understanding of the problems and better insights in offering solutions.
Despite the small lakes overwhelming numbers in the Philippines little is known or written about them. The Philippine Council for Aquaculture and Marine Research and Development (PCAMRD) has listed 72 known lakes in the country only not including small lakes (see Guerrero 2001). The World Lake Database of the International Lake Environment Committee Foundation (ILEC) has registered only the 5 major Philippine lakes (no small lakes). The LakeNet Global Lake Database and Wikipedia’s list of Philippine lakes have recorded only 42 and 94 lakes, respectively, in which a substantial number of small lakes are unaccounted for. Worse, the Philippine Lakes Network (PlaNet), which was conceived in LakeCon2003 to comprehensively supply data on Philippine lakes, still has to takeoff and account for small lakes.
Small lakes are least studied since they are commonly considered to have minimal economic significance (compared to big lakes) which translates to peripheral attention from government agencies, private-funding institutions and scholars. To some small lakes in the country, geographical remoteness is another contributing factor why little attention is given on them. In general, there are five key reasons why it is urgent to study small lakes: (a) the shorter time span on irreversibility of ecological degradation; (b) the necessity of information needed to save them; (c) the connection to other natural resources; (d) the crucial role in improving lake communities; and (e) the need to document the water resource for posterity. The first reason is that the inherently physical feature of small lakes is innately more fragile and vulnerable to environmental deterioration (compared to big lakes). Their small size naturally equates to reduced absorptive capacity in neutralising contaminants and shorter time for any ecological damage to be irreversible. The second reason is that critical information is needed to improve the condition of small lakes. Accumulating adequate knowledge is a prerequisite to properly manage and conserve the inland water resource. The third reason is that many small lakes are critical components of the system of other natural resources, such as river system, large lake system or ground water system. In resolving issues and problems of the other systems entails knowing vital information about small lakes. The fourth reason is that many small lakes are situated near impoverished local communities. The small lakes can served as catalyst in improving these communities. The fifth reason is that small lakes are abundant in the country and many are undocumented. The existence of small lakes must be recorded particularly since some of them are endangered of drying out (e.g., Manlalayes Lake of Dolores Quezon) (Brillo 2015b, Brillo 2015c, Brillo 2016a, Brillo 2016b).
Pandin Lake and Its Administration
Pandin Lake is a small lake located in Barangay Santo Angel, San Pablo City. It is considered the twin lake of Yambo Lake and one of the city’s seven crater lakes [Sampaloc (104 ha), Bunot (30.5 ha), Calibato (43 ha), Mohicap (22.89 ha), Palakpakin (47.98 ha), Pandin (24 ha) and Yambo (30.5 ha)] (see Figure 1). It is about 8 kilometres from the city proper and accessible through an entry passageway via Barangay Santo Angel Road. Like the other crater lakes, Pandin Lake is oval shaped and considered a catchment area of Mount San Cristobal. The small lake is widely believed to be volcanic in origin, formed through a phreatic eruption when shallow lava from Mount San Cristobal flowed into groundwater causing an explosion that resulted in a crater-like depression (LLDA 2008). The small lake’s water sources come from rainfall, surface runoff and surrounding natural springs, and it discharges through seepage, evaporation and outflow to Palakpakin Lake via a Prinsa creek, the only outlet.
Figure 1: Pandin Lake and the Other Crater Lakes of San Pablo City (Google Maps 2015a)
In 1973, the Laguna Lake Development Authority’s (LLDA) introduced tilapia cage culture in Laguna de Bay through the Municipality of Cardona, Rizal (Delmendo 1974, Radan 1977, MNR 1982, Lazaga and Roa 1985). Eventually, this practice spread to the seven crater lakes via the private sector, starting with Bunot Lake in 1975 (Guerrero 1979). Unlike in the other crater lakes where tilapia cage farming expanded extensively, aquaculture in Pandin Lake was limited. The divergence is largely due to the water makeup of Pandin Lake being oligotropic (i.e., poor in nutrients, low in organic matter and high in dissolved oxygen level in deeper parts); its phytoplankton counts are considerably low compared to the rest of the crater lakes. This prolongs the culture period of fish stocks and requires more feeding to grow fish, which, in turn, makes fish farming more costly (LLDA 2005). Another factor to limited expansion of aquaculture is the conscious efforts of the lake inhabitants, particularly members of the Samahan ng Kababaihang Mangingisda at Bangkera sa Lawa ng Pandin (SKMBLP), to abide by the 10-percent-limit rule for aquastructures prescribed by the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 or RA 8550. In 2005, the LLDA reported that only 3 percent of Pandin Lake is occupied by fish cages, and in 2013, the Provincial Government of Laguna reported that there are only 14 registered fish pen operators in the small lake (see LLDA 2005, Provincial Government of Laguna 2013). The marginal proliferation of aquaculture in Pandin Lake has allowed it to dodge the many problems associated with over expansion of fish cages common to the seven crater lakes (e.g., water pollution and illegal settlements).
The administration of Pandin Lake is managed by two key government agencies (i.e., the LLDA and the City Government of San Pablo) and a multitude of overlapping laws. The mandate of the LLDA comes from The Laguna Lake Development Authority Act of 1966 or RA 4850 (as amended by Presidential Decree 813, October 1975), which is the main law in the administration of Laguna de Bay (the largest lake in the country) and its watershed area (which includes the seven crater lakes of San Pablo City). RA 4850 created the LLDA and designated it as the main agency in supervising and managing the water bodies in the Laguna de Bay region (see RA 4850, section 1 and section 4). The Laguna de Bay region includes the Provinces of Rizal and Laguna; the Cities of San Pablo, Tanauan and Tagaytay; the Towns of Sto. Tomas and Malvar in Batangas Province, the Towns of Silang and Carmona in Cavite Province; the Town of Lucban in Quezon Province, and the Cities of Quezon, Manila, Pasay, Caloocan, Marikina, Pasig, Taguig, Muntinlupa, and Pateros in Metro Manila. Specifically, the LLDA has the primary responsibility to promote the development of the Laguna de Bay region (see Figure 2), while ensuring environmental management and control, preservation of the quality of life and ecological systems, and the prevention of undue ecological disturbance, deterioration and pollution (LLDA 2005).
Figure 2: The Seven Crater Lakes of San Pablo City and Laguna de Bay
(Google Maps 2015b)
The LLDA’s authority was strengthened by Executive Order no. 927, issued by President F. Marcos in December 1983, which gave the LLDA the exclusive water rights over the lakes in the Laguna de Bay region. In the arrangement, the LLDA’s principal concern is Laguna de Bay while its jurisdiction over the seven crater lakes (including Pandin Lake) is incidental, the seven crater lakes being a part of the watershed of the Laguna de Bay region. In practice, the downside of this administrative setup is that the attention and resources of the LLDA are concentrated on Laguna de Bay, while the small lakes within its region (the seven crater lakes and Tadlac Lake) usually receive peripheral consideration. Recently, the LLDA is making a “pivot” to the small lakes particularly when its Board of Directors approved Board Resolution No. 464 on 02 April 2014 which established the Framework for the Formulation of Development and Management Plan for the Seven Crater Lakes (LLDA 2014).
The mandate of the City Government comes from The Local Government Code of 1991or RA 7160, which gives the local government unit the authority over Pandin Lake, since it is municipal water. Since RA 4850 confers the administration of Pandin Lake to the LLDA while RA 7160 bestows the City Government the territorial jurisdiction, this implies “coordinative-supplementary” arrangement between the two government agencies. This arrangement was formalised in a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) signed by the LLDA and the City Government of Laguna in 1997. The LLDA is responsible for overall management, provides the comprehensive development framework, and has approval authority on plans and projects submitted by the City Government. The City Government develops plans and projects to execute the LLDA’s strategy, legislates the necessary ordinances, and enforces LLDA’s regulations through the police force and the barangay units. This tactical role gives the City Government leverage over the LLDA’s supposedly higher authority, as enforcement of the latter’s regulatory actions on the seven crater lakes are almost always dependent on the former’s cooperation and assistance. Problems arise when the City Government is reluctant to enforce LLDA’s directives (e.g., demolition of illegal settlers in Bunot Lake) or when the LLDA procrastinates on deciding about projects submitted by the City Government (e.g, the zoning plan for Sampaloc Lake).
In the administration of the seven crater lakes, the LLDA and the City government use the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council (FARMC). The FARMC is the principal organisation mandated by law, specifically the Philippine Fisheries Code, to assist government agencies in the management, utilisation and preservation of the water resources throughout the country. Although designated by law as a partner in the management of water resources, in practice, the organisation functions more as a consultative and/or notification (to inform) body of the administrative agencies. The FARMCs are established from the national level to cities and municipalities and formed locally by fisherfolk organisations/cooperatives and NGOs in the locality with the assistance of the government agencies. In the Laguna de Bay region, FARMCs’ formation and supervision, which by the Philippine Fisheries Code is under the Department of Agriculture, was devolved to the LLDA in recognition of its exclusive jurisdiction. The Philippine Fisheries Code also mandates that the FARMC be multi-sectoral in its composition (see section 75) and guarantees the organisation’s funding (see section 79). In Pandin Lake, however, the membership of FARMC lacks diversity, as its organisation is mainly led by and consists of fisherfolks and lake residents, specifically members of the SKMBLP. FARMC also lacks funding; its leaders have often complained that the funds provided are inadequate to effectively sustain and carry out the responsibilities of the organisation.
Outside the Philippine Fisheries Code, the two other laws that have direct bearing on the management and development of Pandin Lake are the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 or RA 9275 and the Tourism Act of 2009 or RA 9593. In principle, the Philippine Fisheries Code and the two other laws complement and supplement each other. On the ground, however, they can be a source of divergence since each statute pushes distinct agendas over the utilisation of the water resource. In particular, the Philippine Clean Water Act underscores the preservation of the water resource; the Tourism Act promotes ecotourism for socio-economic development; and the Philippine Fisheries Code primarily advances the interest of the fisherfolks and the fishing industry. All together, the proponents of each law compete and negotiate over the utilisation of the lake. In turn, the plans, programs and projects in Pandin Lake will have to be drawn within the range of these laws and the interlocking interests they represent.
The Ecotourism Development and Issues in Pandin Lake
Ecotourism in Pandin Lake evolved mainly as an endogenous initiative. This local initiative was precipitated by three factors: (a) the lack of development-related actions from its two administrative agencies— the LLDA and the City Government; (b) the small lake’s water is poor for aquaculture; and (c) the lake communities’ exposure to the movement to save Sampaloc Lake in the early 2000s. In the first factor, the LLDA and the City Government’s inaction towards Pandin Lake (and the other crater lakes) was influenced by the agencies’ prioritisation of Sampaloc Lake’s development, Sampaloc Lake being the premier lake and long held trademark of San Pablo City. The thinking here is that Sampaloc Lake would serve as the model for the development of the other crater lakes (see San Pablo City Tourism Council 2008). In the second factor, Pandin Lake is less suitable to aquaculture since tilapia tends to grow slowly in it compared to the other small lakes of San Pablo City. This attribute has constrained the expansion of tilapia cage farming in the small lake, and has provided more incentive and less resistance among the locals to pursue ecotourism. In the third factor, the movement to save Sampaloc Lake inculcated among the locals the consequences of neglecting to protect the water resource and the potential benefits that will accrue once actions are taken to protect the lake. This understanding motivated them to also take actions to safeguard Pandin Lake.
The initial break came in the early 2000s when individuals affiliated with the Fundacion Kalikasan, a local environmentalist group interested in preserving Pandin Lake, approached the lake residents. In their discussions, the locals, particularly the wives of fishermen, appealed for help to create livelihood opportunities. In response, the Fundacion Kalikasan initiated training activities, such as gardening and soap making, intended to earn the residents extra income. The rationale here is that by introducing alternative sources of livelihood, the residents will refrain from over exploiting the lake. However, except for establishing the link between the locals and the Fundacion Kalikasan, the initiative had limited success. The principal reason is that the locals, especially the men, were distrustful of the assistance provided by the Fundacion Kalikasan, after suffering from politicians’ and affluent people’s broken promises of help in the past. The locals were also suspicious of the Fundacion Kalikasan’s motives since its members come from wealthy families. This distrust was evident when many locals (mostly men) did not support the training activities and did not sign the memorandum of agreement between the Fundacion Kalikasan and the lake residents.
In 2003, the link between the locals and the Fundacion Kalikasan was re-established. A group of mostly women residents of Pandin Lake took the initiative and got in touch with the Fundacion Kalikasan, seeking the latter’s help in starting their project— the Pandin Lake Tour. The Fundacion Kalikasan advised them on how to organise and manage an enterprise, helped to secure initial capitalisation, and promoted the project. From the modest beginnings of offering a lake tour, a raft ride and native foods, the Pandin Lake Tour project gradually transformed into a full-fledged enterprise, as local and foreign tourists kept coming over the years (see Figure 3). In 2005, buoyed by the success of their project, the locals decided to formally organise by establishing the SKMBLP to directly manage the ecotourism enterprise. A distinct feature of Pandin Lake’s ecotourism is the prominent role of women through out its evolution. Past to present, the women have taken active involvement in the conceptualisation of the Pandin Lake Tour project, in the management of SKMBLP, in the operations of the enterprise, and have long been taking leadership role in the small lake.
Figure 3: The Facade of Ecotourism in Pandin Lake
The key issues in Pandin Lake are the formulation of a management and development plan (MDP) and the sustainability of the ecotourism enterprise, particularly developing the small lake into a full-fledged tourist destination and addressing the right of way issue. These issues are evidently way beyond the capacity of SKMBLP to tackle alone. Dealing with them would necessitate the intercession of the administrative agencies— the LLDA and the City Government of San Pablo— as these usually require use of authority and significant resources.
The MDP has been a regular agenda in the many public forums on the seven crater lakes since the early 2000s. An MDP is basic to the proper administration and conservation of Pandin Lake. It provides direction for actions by identifying the areas and strategies for developing the water resource. It also gives guidance to programs and precipitates initiatives in the small lake. Under this premise, the LLDA instigated the formulation of MDP for Pandin Lake following its Board Resolution No. 464 in early 2014. The LLDA, the City Government and the SKMBLP were able to complete the MDP by the end of 2014. With this major accomplishment, the next challenged in Pandin Lake is the full implementation of the MDP, particularly dealing with financial aspects and time table of the plan.
Transforming Pandin Lake’s ecotourism enterprise into a full-fledged tourist hub means investing in the essential facilities and infrastructures. These are imperative if the ecotourism success in the small lake is to be sustained and magnified. Some of the basic needs are: (a) a developed entry road linking the small lake to the highway; (b) a secured parking space for visitors and tourists; (c) a peripheral trail around the lake and connected to Yambo Lake, its twin lake; (d) a convention hall that can accommodate big events/activities and lodging places for overnight stay; and (e) secured supply of electricity and potable water in the area. Since these require huge capital outlay (well above SKMBLP’s financial capacity), the assistance of the LLDA and the City Government is indispensable in sourcing and procuring them.
The right of way issue came about when a private individual was able to acquire most of the land leading to and around Pandin Lake. About a third of the surrounding areas of the small lake has been purchased by the individual, including the traditional main entry point which divide his property as it runs across his land (see Figure 4). Naturally, the owner is having second thoughts on continuously allowing access to the small lake via his property. The access is essential to the ecotourism enterprise since the entry point is the connecting path to the highway and the customary passageway of tourists and visitors to Pandin Lake. Expectedly, SKMBLP wanted a guaranteed access to Pandin Lake via the traditional entry point; however, this could not be obtained since the group lacks leverage over the land owner. Under this circumstance, the LLDA and the City Government intervened— negotiated with the owner and was able to secure a provisional guarantee on public access in the customary entryway. In the long term, the right of way issue should not be left to the land owner’s discretion alone but must be legally fortified, a task demanding the direct involvement of the administrative agencies.
Figure 4: The Main Entry to Pandin Lake
Conclusion
Broadly, this study registered Pandin Lake on the docket of scholarly literature and advanced the development-oriented studies on small lakes in the country. Specifically, the article explored the nitty-gritty of the unconventional evolution of the ecotourism enterprise in Pandin Lake and the accompanying issues. On the whole, it illustrated that the ecotourism development in Pandin Lake is mainly as an endogenous initiative as the administrative agencies were nowhere in the picture early on in its conceptualisation. But going forward, it also resonated the necessity for the intervention of the administrative agencies— the LLDA and the City Government, particularly in addressing the issues which are beyond the SKMBLP to handle alone. The administrative intercession is critical in sustaining the success of the ecotourism enterprise. Presently, the success of the ecotourism enterprise in Pandin Lake is well-recognised by the media, the administrative agencies and the public. As testament, Pandin Lake is regarded as the best managed among the seven crater lakes, and has become a premier tourist destination of San Pablo City, rivalling Sampaloc Lake. Sharing the “story” of the ecotourism development in Pandin Lake is an excellent stimulus in precipitating and influencing the sustainable development of many other small lakes in the country.
Indicatively, the ecotourism development in Pandin Lake suggests a feasible alternative for sustainably developing a small lake in the country. Ecotourism development offers immense potential for expansion and multiplier effects, including supplementing (not replacing) the limited aquaculture exiting in the small lake which, all in all, redounds to the improvement of the local community. The ecotourism development prospect is amplified considering the contemporary statutory restriction imposed by the Philippine Fisheries Code on the expansion of aquastructures and the problems associated with the over expansion of aquaculture. Ecotourism development in Pandin Lake also offers a viable arrangement for the conservation of the water resource. It generates incentives for the SKMBLP to be vigilant in ensuring the preservation of Pandin Lake since the continuity of the ecotourism enterprise is dependent on maintaining the good condition of the small lake. This development praxis is consequential since small lakes are abundant in the country in which many are populated by impoverished communities. Moreover, the ecotourism development in Pandin Lake embodies the empowerment of the locals, particularly the women who played an essential role in the ecotourism enterprise’s conceptualisation and formation to its current management and operations. The experience exemplifies that women can be drivers in the development of a water resource.
Acknowledgement
Many thanks to the following organisations and agencies: Samahan ng Kababaihang Mangingisda at Bangkera sa Lawa ng Pandin (SKMBLP) / Municipal Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management (MFARMC) of the Seven Crater Lakes / Fundacion Kalikasan / Friends of the Seven Lakes Foundation (FSLF) / Seven Crater Lakes and Watershed Management Council (SCLWMC) / Consultants of the Seven Lakes Tourism Master Development Plan / Tourism Council of San Pablo City / Environment and Natural Resource Office of San Pablo City / Office of the City Mayor of San Pablo / Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) / Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA)
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